Hello everyone, welcome to the Zimzim DIY channel. Today, I will explain the working principles of speakers. Simply, how do they work? Explain in a simple way, ZimZim channel style. A speaker, if you want to understand it simply, is a device, a device that converts electrical signals into sound that we hear. If we talk about its working principles, some people say that it is similar to a motor. So before we look at the working principles of speakers, let's understand the characteristics of sound production first. The production of sound or sound waves is the change in air pressure to cause changes. We will push and pull particles at the molecular level of air back and forth. Because air is elastic, when it is elastic for a while, the sound waves will return to their original state. So we can create these sounds from the vibration of some objects. For example, knocking on a table, knocking on a chair, knocking on a basin, we will use air as a medium that will move these vibrations to our ears. The nature of the work is similar to pushing dominoes to fall. But in outer space, there is no air. It is a vacuum. There will be no medium to produce sound. The speaker is a device that produces sound from a frequency of 20Hz to 20,000 Hz, which is the frequency range that humans can perceive and hear. Therefore, at least the cone of the speaker is a good air repeller. The speaker is considered another great invention that humans have invented. Let's just remember the characteristics of sound production for now. Let's see what makes the speaker cone move. First, let's imagine that in our speakers, there will be 2 types of magnets. The first type is a permanent magnet. A permanent magnet is a magnet that has the properties of a magnet forever. Except if it is not burned by fire or severely impacted, the magnetic field will remain. Normally, we are familiar with permanent magnets as rods like this, right? But in speakers, the magnet will be a circle with a hole in the center. There are north and south poles, just like before. If you bring a ferrous object close to it, it will be attracted immediately because it is a magnet. Or use a compass to measure. You will see the direction of the magnetic field as well. The second type is a magnet generated by electric current. Magnets generated by electric current are those that use a coil of wire to wrap it into a loop and then feed it with electric current, which will create a magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by electric current is different from permanent magnets in that the north and south poles can change direction by changing the direction of the incoming current. Therefore, if we feed it alternating current, the coil will sometimes be the north pole and sometimes the south pole, alternating back and forth according to the signal. As for the speaker, this coil is the voice coil. The speaker's voice coil is made of a small coil wrapped around a core thousands of times and then installed in the center of the magnetic field, between the north and south poles of the permanent magnet. Naturally, magnets of the same poles repel each other, while magnets of opposite poles attract each other. The same goes for speakers. The voice coil creates a magnetic field. Come to collide with a permanent magnet. Let your friends imagine that When the audio signal of the speaker flows through the speaker cable, it will have plus and minus because the audio signal is a type of alternating current. When it is positive, it creates a magnetic field that is the N pole. When N meets N as the same pole, it will push itself up. When it is S, it will pull itself down because they are different poles. We take the voice coil and attach it to the speaker cone. It has a stronger air pushing force. In terms of sound waves, the treble will be a longitudinal wave, vibrating quickly. Therefore, the voice will not move much but move quickly. As for the bass, it will be a wave, vibrating more slowly. Therefore, the voice will move in and out deeper but move slowly. Therefore, the subwoofer magnet will be thicker by default. But in speakers, they do not arrange magnets like this. They arrange it in another way, which is to have a center plate, or villagers call it a tee-yoke, and an upper plate, or villagers call it a ring. The center plate will have a long central core that will be placed below the magnet. Causing the central core area to become the S pole by default because they are attracted to each other. If you use a compass to measure The top is the N pole, the bottom is the S pole. For the N pole of the magnet, we will place the plate on top. It will have a narrower circumference than the magnet. Therefore, the highest concentration will be at the top plate and the center. The top plate allows us to control the magnetic field more tightly. At this point, we will see manufacturers put the center of the voice coil in the center of the top plate here to receive the strongest mag