Geometric toleration: position tolerances (parallelism, position, symmetry, concentricity, axial runout)

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Andreas Höfler

Published on Dec 9, 2024
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In this video we look at the different types of position tolerances. Geometric tolerances are divided into different categories, including directional tolerances, location tolerances and runout tolerances, each of which controls specific aspects of the part geometry. Directional tolerances include inclination, perpendicularity and parallelism. Inclination describes the maximum permissible angular offset of a surface or axis relative to a reference and thus controls alignment. Perpendicularity is a special case of inclination and ensures that a surface or axis is as perpendicular as possible to a reference surface or axis. Parallelism is also a special case of inclination and ensures that a surface or axis is as parallel as possible to a defined reference. Location tolerances cover position, concentricity, coaxiality and symmetry. Position specifies the permissible deviation of a geometric element, such as the center or centerline of a hole. Concentricity ensures that the center of a circle or circular movement coincides with a reference axis. Coaxiality checks whether the axes of cylinders or circles lie on a common reference axis, which is especially important for rotating components. Symmetry ensures even distribution of a feature around a plane or axis of symmetry, which can be important for both aesthetic and functional requirements. Runout tolerances include simple radial runout, total radial runout, simple axial runout, and total axial runout. Simple radial runout controls the roundness of a rotating component at individual cross-sectional planes, measuring deviations during rotation. Total radial runout extends this to the entire surface. Simple axial runout ensures that a rotating surface remains flat in a single plane relative to a reference axis, while total axial runout checks the flatness and parallelism of a rotating surface across its entire surface. 00:00 Inclination 00:55 TED dimension (theoretically exact dimension) 01:59 Inclination tolerance field 02:38 Perpendicularity 03:32 Parallelism 04:18 Inclination: derived geometry element 05:54 Ideal component geometry vs. real geometry 08:00 Inclination: multiple reference 09:07 Inclination: flatness and straightness 09:47 Determining the position using dimensional tolerances 12:03 Determining the position using position tolerances 14:24 References 16:49 Order of references 18:17 Tolerating the position of a surface 20:41 Coaxiality 23:38 Concentricity 25:15 Concentricity vs. coaxiality 27:13 Symmetry 29:21 Simple runout: measurement 30:14 Simple runout: reference 31:07 Simple radial runout: tolerance zone 33:32 Total radial runout 35:47 Simple axial runout (axial radial runout) 37:51 Total axial runout 39:12 Orientation plane indicator

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