The Umayyad Caliphs were a group of Arab Muslim caliphs from the Umayyad dynasty of Quraysh. They established a powerful, sprawling state, whose territory extended over three continents. Their state was established after Al-Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Talib abdicated the caliphate to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan in the year of the congregation in the year 41 AH. The Umayyad caliphs continued to rule it until it fell after the Battle of the Zab in the year 132 AH at the hands of the Abbasids. The Umayyad state reached the peak of its power, greatness and expansion during the reign of the tenth caliph, Hisham bin Abdul Malik, as it extended from China and India in the east to Gaul in the west (currently France) and from the Caucasus and Anatolia (currently Georgia and Turkey) and the coasts of Italy in the north to the land of Abyssinia (currently Ethiopia) and the forests of Africa in the south. The Umayyads trace their lineage back to Umayya bin Abd Shams from the Quraysh tribe. They played an important role in the pre-Islamic era and during the Islamic era. Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan converted to Islam during the era of the Prophet Muhammad, and the Umayyad state was founded at his hands. He was previously the governor of the Levant during the reign of Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab. Then a dispute broke out between him and Ali ibn Abi Talib after the sedition of the murder of Uthman, until his son al-Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Muawiyah after the murder of his father, and thus the state was founded. Muawiyah adopted some aspects of rule and administration from the Byzantines, as he made the caliphate hereditary when he entrusted his son Yazid with the crown prince position. He established a throne and guards and surrounded himself with the pomp of a king, and built a special chamber for himself in the mosque. He also established the Diwan al-Khatim and the postal system. After the death of Yazid, things became turbulent, and Ibn al-Zubayr claimed the caliphate, then Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam was able to defeat him and kill him in Mecca in the year 73 AH, and the state stabilized again. The greatest Umayyad conquests took place during the reign of Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik. He completed the conquest of Morocco, conquered all of Andalusia, conquered Sindh under the leadership of Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi, and Transoxiana under the leadership of Qutayba bin Muslim Al-Bahili. He was succeeded by Sulayman bin Abdul-Malik, who died while stationed in Marj Dabiq to manage the siege of Constantinople, then the ascetic Caliph Omar bin Abdul-Aziz, who is considered one of the best Umayyad caliphs in terms of his biography. He was succeeded by his cousin Yazid, then Hisham, during whose reign southern France was conquered. His reign was long and very stable. After his death, the state entered a state of severe turmoil, until Marwan bin Muhammad took control of the caliphate, so he began to move between the regions and suppress revolts and unrest, then he met the Abbasids in the Battle of the Zab, where he was defeated and killed, and that was the end of the Umayyad state. After the fall of the Umayyad state and the rise of the Abbasid state on its ruins, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiyah, known as Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil, fled to Andalusia and established the Umayyad state there again and ruled as an emir. He remained so with his sons and grandsons until the reign of his grandson Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, who declared himself caliph in Cordoba and called himself al-Nasir li-Din Allah on the first of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 316 AH. He remained so until his death. Then his sons succeeded him and ruled with the same system until the final fall of the state in the year 422 AH. 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