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If we are able to read hieroglyphics today, it is thanks to a black granite stele, discovered in 1799 by the powerful French army that landed in Egypt under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. Scientists were traveling with the emperor with the task of discovering and studying the remains of ancient Egyptian civilizations. Among the objects collected during the Napoleonic expedition was this block of granite on which was engraved a dedication to the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes in three different characters: hieroglyphic, the first writing used in Egypt, demotic and in the Greek language, spoken by the ruling dynasty, and which was of great importance in interpreting Egyptian writing. Since the stone was found near the city of Rosetta, on the Nile, it was called the Rosetta Stone. The two great personalities who worked to decipher the stele were the English physicist Thomas Young and the French linguist Jean-Francois Champollion. In 1819 Young was ahead of his French rival, having already deciphered the demotic text, identifying the symbols for Cleopatra and Ptolemy. A few years later, in 1822, through careful comparisons with other texts, Champolion (a true linguistic genius who began studying oriental languages at eleven, already knowing European ones, becoming a professor at nineteen), was able to decipher the hieroglyphics based on another language used in late Egyptian, Coptic, and understood that he was faced with several types of hieroglyphics with different functions: he discovered the basis of the hieroglyphic writing system.