In this chapter, the philosopher Bertrand Russell discusses the first question that the first man asked as soon as he found himself alone on a remote and desolate planet, and perhaps this question will remain until the last human being living on this earth dies, which is: Why did this universe exist? Russell presents the three main forms that humans have reached in their attempts to answer this question, and these forms are: First: the religious form, which is defended and represented by the Bishop of Birmingham; second: the form represented by the doctrine of pantheism, represented by Professor J. S. Holden; and third: what Russell calls the emergent form, represented by Professor Alexander, and by this form he means the evolutionary form or the creative force of the universe that drives it to develop according to a plan that was in the mind of the creative force throughout the cosmic process. After Russell elaborates on these forms and discusses them, we see him finally reaching one of the most wonderful conclusions of philosophical discussions that have discussed this topic, as after refuting these three theories, he raises questions that are among the most difficult that can be raised by the human mind, and ends it in his unique philosophical way with his wonderful style and words that shake the foundations of thinking.. 00:00 Introduction 04:11 Contents of the book Playlist of chapters in the book Religion and Science: • The book Religion and Science Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell (May 18, 1872 - February 2, 1970) 3rd Earl Russell, a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian and social critic. At various stages in his life, Russell was a liberal, socialist and pacifist, but he admitted that he was none of these in the deepest sense. Although he spent most of his life in England, Russell was born in Wales and died at the age of 98. Russell led the British "revolution against idealism" in the early twentieth century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his student Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is considered one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. He co-authored Principia Mathematica with I. N. Whitehead, an attempt to explain mathematics in terms of logic. His philosophical essay On Denoting is a paradigm in philosophy. His work continues to have a significant influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist, a supporter of free trade and anti-imperialism. He was imprisoned for his pacifist activities during World War I, and as a result lost his position as a professor at Cambridge. He campaigned against Adolf Hitler, criticized Stalinist totalitarianism, and attacked the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, where he worked to form an international court (Russell-Sartre) with the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, to try the United States for its crimes in Vietnam. He was also a supporter of nuclear disarmament, and signed a statement against it with Albert Einstein that exposed him to imprisonment in 1961. [17] In 1950, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and important writings in which he defends humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." #Audiobook #Audiobook #Philosophy #Religion #Science #Bertrand_Russell