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In the introduction, the current image of the spectrum of known elementary particles will be described with the necessary commentary on its historical development. The main part of the lecture is devoted to the gradual construction of the current standard model (SM) of electroweak interactions. Historically, it is based on quantum electrodynamics and the original Fermi theory of weak interactions. The technique of Feynman diagrams is briefly described, which is very useful for understanding the SM structure and relevant interactions. In this popularizing review, the mathematical apparatus will be kept to a minimum. Jiří Hořejší graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University in 1974. Since 1998, he has been a professor of theoretical particle physics at this faculty, and in 1999–2009 he was the director of the Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics. He has been lecturing on quantum field theory and the theory of electroweak interactions for a long time, and during his scientific career he dealt with a number of different topics in the field of theoretical nuclear physics, quantum theory and the theory of elementary particles. In addition to several dozen articles in international scientific journals, he also published two professional books on the standard model of weak interactions.