How many genders are there according to science? What do biological definitions or studies say about transitions? And in which discussions is science helpful - and in which not? Grab yourself a cup of tea, friends of the sun, we'll get through it calmly. Thank you Phenix, Avi & Gialu for your votes! CONTENT 0:00 Intro 1:02 I. BIOLOGICAL GENDER 1:09 I.1. Reproduction 1:28 I.2. Gender expression 3:11 I.3. Intersexuality 4:17 I.4. Gender expression is a matter of definition 5:38 II. GENDER IDENTITY 6:27 II.1. Transidentity 10:23 II.2. Transitions 12:54 II.3. Transitions in adolescence 16:27 III. RESPECT is not a question of science 19:54 IV. LET'S DO BETTER 21:43 Cookie recommendation maiLab is produced by Mai Thi Nguyen-Kim for funk (ARD & ZDF) ►funk web app: https://go.funk.net ►https://go.funk.net/impressum TEAM Jens Foell - Science Editor Lars Dittrich - Science Editor Mai Thi Nguyen-Kim - Book, Editorial Management & Production Melanie Gath - Losing Editor & Graphics Sources: Ärzteblatt: Why heart attacks are different in women https://bit.ly/3V9S5Rf Some medications can have different effects on men and women, e.g. due to differences in metabolism. Chan et al (2022), Front Pharmacol https://bit.ly/3XxWUVX Sex differentiation in embryo and fetus and development of ambiguous sex organs: Arbodela et al. (2015), Nat Rev Endocrinol; 10(10): 603–615. https://bit.ly/3igsIP2 Blaschko et al. (2012), Differentiation. 2012 Oct; 84(3): 261–268. https://bit.ly/3ulKhA9 Different intersex characteristics: El-Sherbiny (2013), Arab J Urol; 11(1): 19–26. https://bit.ly/3u0SkCf Quoted interview with Geord Romer on Deutschlandfunk Kultur: https://bit.ly/3XDmj0D Trans people have an increased risk of mental health problems such as eating disorders, depression, self-harm, suicide. Reisner et al. (2014), LGBT Health; 1(3):177-184. https://bit.ly/3AJnTnN; Pinna et al. (2022), Int Rev Psychiatry; 34(3-4):292-359. https://bit.ly/3EJs8Rc These problems are already increased in adolescence compared to cis adolescents. Reisner et al. (2015), J Adolesc Health; 56(3):274-9 https://bit.ly/3F5pcjy; Nagata et al. (2020) Curr Opin Psychiatry; 33(6): 562–567. https://bit.ly/3tZzj30; di Giacomo et al. (2018) JAMA Pediatr; 172(12):1145-1152. https://bit.ly/3Upze3v ; Toomey et al (2018), Pediatrics;142(4):e20174218. https://bit.ly/3iaauyx ; Perez-Brumer et al. (2017), J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry;56(9):739-746. https://bit.ly/3VvORY0 Compared to trans adults who would like to have gender reassignment surgery but have not had one so far, trans adults do better after such surgery: they show fewer suicidal thoughts and less severe psychological distress. Almazan & Keuroghlian (2021), JAMA Surgery; 156(7), 611-618. https://bit.ly/3OBsaPT Compared to trans adolescents who would like to have hormone therapy but have not had one so far, trans adolescents do better with such treatment: they have less depression and suicidal thoughts. But the interpretation of this study is not clear. For example, this therapy is much more likely to be used if the parents support one's own gender identity. This makes it somewhat unclear what contribution the therapy itself makes to the improvement and what role the environment plays in it. Green et al. (2022), Journal of Adolescent Health; 70(4), 643-649 https://bit.ly/3UiEi9O Even in a before-and-after comparison, trans adolescents show less depression and suicidality one year after starting hormone therapy. Tordoff et al. (2022), JAMA Netw Open; 5(2): e220978. https://bit.ly/3F4wwvw Although trans people appear to do better after gender reassignment surgery, they still have an increased risk for things like hospitalization and suicide afterwards. Dhejne et al. (2011), PloS one; 6(2), e16885. https://bit.ly/2yBISYL Although depression symptoms are reduced after 18 months of gender reassignment hormone therapy, they are still more severe than in the general population. Aldridge et al. (2021), Andrology; 9(6):1808-1816. https://bit.ly/3EJopDk Neopronouns: https://bit.ly/3GN7SRo Image sources: Mack Male, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons By Sciencia58 - Own work, redrawing based on these sources: [1], [2], [3], [4], English version File:Human genitalia - development 1.png., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... Gonads By OpenStax College, German version from Sciencia58 - File:2915_Sexual_Differentation-02.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... AmandaCXZ, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons Christinelmiller, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons