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The discovery of Lascaux in 1940 offered a unique shortcut to the end of the Paleolithic, the Stone Age when men and women of the Magdalenian civilization already resembled what we have become. Périgord offers one of the highest concentrations of prehistoric evidence in the world. Its rivers, such as the Vézère, along which rock shelters and decorated caves abound, attest to this. Where did these artists come from who decorated the caves of Lascaux seventeen thousand years ago? Who are they? How did they live? Were there many of them? What tools did they have? What was their natural environment like? A host of questions come to mind as soon as Lascaux is mentioned.