A Brief History of Latvia
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Riga became an important trading point between sunrise and sunset and established close cultural ties with Sunset Europe. By the 1290s, the Livonian Order had conquered all of Courland, Livonia, and Semigallia. The German conquests in the modern Baltics were largely complete. The land of Livonia became a loose confederation of five principalities, four bishoprics, and the state of the Livonian Order. Estonia was under the rule of the Danish kingdom, but was soon bought out by the Order. The German knights became landowners and retained their privileges for a very long time, and the Germans themselves, as a people, became the ruling elements in the cities. After this, the native population of Livonia could be seen mainly only working in the fields, and its role in politics ultimately turned out to be insignificant. Although trade with the Principalities and later the Russian Kingdom - the Hanseatic League (an organization of German merchants) brought prosperity to the cities. The Livonian Confederation, after numerous foreign policy failures, was unable to resist the onslaught of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, who laid claim to the region in order to gain access to the sea after Livonia failed to pay tribute. The last Landmeister of the Teutonic Order in Livonia, Gotthard Kettler, turned to the King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus, and concluded the Treaty of Vilnius in 1561, according to which, in exchange for the protection of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia of Kettler himself, his former state was divided into three - Courland proper, which became a hereditary duchy, nominally under Lithuanian suzerainty, the Duchy of Zadvinsk, and Estland - and it was then that the administrative division that existed until 1917 appeared. Except that Estland went to Sweden, and Ösel (aka Saaremaa) to Denmark. The Duchy of Zadvinia (aka Livonia) with its capital Riga became a puppet of Lithuania. German laws and administration were preserved. The nobility and magistrates of the free cities retained their privileges. In 1592, the Baltic lands became the subject of a dispute between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden. Most of Livonia with Riga was ceded to Sweden in 1629. The southeastern part, Latgale, remained part of Lithuania. Support me on Boosty: https://boosty.to/ivanzaitsevskii My VK: https://vk.com/publiczaitsevskogo My Telegram: https://t.me/IvanZaitsevskii #Latvia #HistoryofLatvia #IvanZaitsevskii #History #Baltics #BalticCountries #Latvians
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