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Conference 05/18/2021 by Thierry Ripoll, professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Aix-Marseille and member of the Cognitive Psychology Laboratory. In this book, I focused on the phenomenon of belief: magical beliefs, religious beliefs, popular beliefs, conspiracy theories and all kinds of beliefs that are dear to us, that structure our lives and that are often the reason for the decisions we make and the behaviors we adopt. I approach this phenomenon inherent to the human psyche of course from the perspective of psychology in all its components, but also from the perspective of anthropology, biology, neuroscience and philosophy. There is something fascinating in our ability to believe and have a deep conviction even though we sometimes have so little empirical or theoretical evidence to support our beliefs. This is probably one of the most remarkable features of our humanity, undoubtedly a specificity of the human brain: even the great apes, so close to us in all respects, do not seem to be able to develop the type of beliefs that are ours. While being fascinated, I am also troubled, even worried. Beliefs are necessary for our lives. They can also be deleterious, liberticidal and represent a real danger for gullible individuals. When they very clearly take precedence over our rationality, particularly when it comes to organizing life in society, the danger is great and it awaits us. The current rise of populism and extremism is due to the irrationality of our beliefs and risks plunging us into new totalitarianisms. Understanding why we believe is salutary to protect ourselves from this risk. To see all the activities of the UPP visit our website: https://www.alderan-philo.org/