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Addendum: ① I said that the dictionary form of lactem is lactis, but although it is correct to say that the colloquial nominative form is lactis, the headword form in general dictionaries, i.e. the nominative form in classical English, seems to be lac. ② It seems that the m at the end of words such as lactem was likely pronounced as a nasal vowel, not as a consonant /m/. ③ I was skeptical of a comment that there might be a relationship between lactem and "乳" (dairy), so I looked into it and found that it is surprisingly not a coincidence. However, it seems that the relationship is not clear. Reference (regarding ③) → https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll... ④ In the last example, the pronunciation of French 8 (huit) is /ɥi/ in both the text and audio, but when read alone (when not modifying a business card to say "eight of..."), the final t is pronounced. For consistency, this time, this exception seen in numerals is ignored and it is /ɥi/. ⑤ In the last example, the word for "fruit" in Spanish is fruto, but fruto refers to an individual "fruit," and fruta is used to refer to fruits in general as a type of food. [Main References] ・Sugata Shigeaki (2019), Introduction to Romance Linguistics, Waseda University Press. ・Jacques Allier, translated by Otaka Jun'o (1992), The Formation of the French Language, Hakusuisha. ・Ian Mackenzie. "History of Spanish Vowels," The Linguistics of Spanish. https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/iemacke... Related: Why is the plural of man in English "men"? → • Solving the mystery of men, feet, mice, and women [Commonalities with Japanese] Multilingual "coffee" mugs, International Phonetic Alphabet T-shirts, and other language-related goods are available here → https://suzuri.jp/mon_mon_sprache/omoide This is our Twitter account. DMs are open to requests for videos and merchandise, corrections, questions, etc. → https://twitter.com/ HeinrichM1115 0:00 Intro 1:56 Background 3:21 Overall changes in colloquial Latin 4:17 The formation of Italian 5:16 Changes in languages other than Italian 6:21 Similar examples in Japanese 7:15 The formation of French 9:01 The formation of Portuguese 10:04 The formation of Spanish 11:14 5 examples of other words 13:27 Summary