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The article analyses the principle of guilt as a fundamental principle of modern criminal law. It considers its consequences at two levels: as a basis or presupposition of punishment and as a limit to the severity of the sanction at the time of its individualisation. It points out its constitutional anchorage and the rules it imposes in the function of grounding punishment: prohibition of the criminal law of the author, the requirement of personal responsibility and subjective responsibility (it excludes objective responsibility, requires intent or fault and that the person be imputable). It also considers the function of limiting the interference imposed by the absolute and relative theories of punishment. Likewise, it considers both the impact it has on legislators and judges, and finally, the various ways in which it is violated.