Pontius Pilate, a Biblical and Historical View
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Pontius Pilate, also known simply as Pilate (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: Πόντιος Πιλᾶτος), was the governor or prefect (Latin: praefectus) of the Roman province of Judea from AD 26 to 36. In Christian tradition, he is known for being the judge who did not intervene against the Pharisees in condemning Jesus Christ to death on the cross. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is emphasized by his prominent place in both the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. Because of the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as a martyr and saint, a belief historically shared by the Coptic Church. Although he is the best-attested governor of Judea, few sources about his rule survive. He appears to have belonged to the well-attested Pontian family of Samnite origin, but nothing is known for certain about his life before he became governor of Judea, nor about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus and the philosopher Philo of Alexandria both mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Many of these involve him acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. The Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his tenure; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus also appear to have recorded this information. According to Josephus, his dismissal occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement on Mount Gerizim. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this to Tiberius, who, however, had died before his arrival. Nothing is known for certain about what became of him after this. Based on a reference by the 2nd-century pagan philosopher Celsus and the Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal. Modern historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler; while some believe he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others argue that his long tenure in office means he must have been reasonably competent. According to a prominent post-war theory, he was motivated by anti-Semitism in his treatment of Jews, but this theory has been largely abandoned.
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