MAIN ORGANIC REACTIONS FOR ENEM
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MAIN ORGANIC REACTIONS Esterification Esterification is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester. This reaction occurs through the loss of a water molecule. Esterification is widely used in the food industry to produce esters with a pleasant aroma, which are added to foods and beverages. Oxidation of alcohols Oxidation of alcohols is a chemical reaction in which an alcohol is converted into an aldehyde or carboxylic acid. There are several ways to carry out this oxidation, such as the use of chemical reagents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The oxidation of alcohols is important in the synthesis of organic compounds and in the identification of alcohols in chemical analyses. Saponification Saponification is a chemical reaction between an ester and a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). This reaction produces soap and glycerol. In saponification, esters are hydrolyzed to their corresponding acids and alcohols, resulting in the formation of salts called soaps. Soaps are used for personal hygiene, laundry, and in various cleaning products. Transesterification: Transesterification is a chemical reaction in which an ester reacts with a different alcohol to form another ester. This reaction is widely used in the production of biodiesel, where the transesterification of esters present in vegetable oils or animal fats with short-chain alcohols leads to the production of methyl or ethyl esters, known as biodiesel. Isomerization Isomerization is a chemical reaction in which an organic compound is converted into a structural isomer, that is, a compound with the same molecular formula but with different spatial arrangements of atoms. This reaction occurs through the rearrangement of chemical bonds and can be catalyzed by acids or bases. Isomerization is widely used in the synthesis of chemicals and in the production of fuels. Polymerization Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which monomers join together to form a polymer, a macromolecule composed of repeating units. There are different types of polymerization, such as addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Polymerization is an essential step in the production of plastics, rubbers, synthetic fibers, and other polymeric materials.
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