Most stars in the Universe are the smallest and coolest red dwarfs, making up over 75% of all stars. In the future, virtually all stars will belong to this class. It is therefore logical to assume that if extraterrestrial life appears somewhere, it is most often on planets orbiting red dwarfs, and in this article we will consider how likely this is based on current scientific knowledge: what factors can promote or hinder the development of life around the smallest stars and what distinguishes planets in their systems. It turns out that they can be surprising in many ways… --- Additional supplementary materials: • 95% of stars have already been born... • Why we will probably be very lucky... --- Channel support: / @smartgasm https://patronite.pl/smartgasm --- -00:00:00 Introduction -00:03:33 Red dwarfs against other stars -00:39:12 Planetary systems around red dwarfs -00:53:50 Arguments for and against life near red dwarfs -01:10:05 Detailed description of a tidally locked planet -01:40:20 Why complex life (including intelligent life) is less likely on planets around red dwarfs -02:06:49 Summary and main conclusions --- Sources and additional information: Sources for chapter I (Contain information about the continuous spectrum, radiation, and color of stars): https://openstax.org/books/fizyka-dla... https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/what-col... https://webbtelescope.org/contents/ar... https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.06254 (Accurate colors of stars) https://github.com/janvincentharre/sp... (software conversion of star spectrum into color perceived by our eyes) https://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID... https://epod.usra.edu/blog/2009/02/sk... http://panoptesv.com/SciFi/ColorsOfAl... https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=... (fast differentiation of the Planck distribution in a selected range at a specified temperature) Interactive visualizations of the Planck distribution: https://www.edukator.pl/tik_edukator/... https://space-charts.vercel.app/?temp... https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/b... Sources for Chapter II (Information related to planetary systems around red dwarfs): Calculation of the size of the habitable zone: https://www.planetarybiology.com/calc... Some examples of exoplanets found: https://phl.upr.edu/hwc https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ful... https://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.co... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGLE-20... Sources for Chapter III (Contains information on factors affecting potential habitability and other conditions): https://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMx... https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.1764# https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... https://academic.oup.com/mnras/articl... https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2994 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10... https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.02860 References for Chapter IV (Contains information on the potential planetary conditions of a tidally locked planet around red dwarfs, mostly related to the Proxima Centauri system) Climate of a tidally locked planet: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.108... https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4777/ https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf... https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... Sources for Chapter IV: The Power of Photosynthesis: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/articl... https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10... https://www.cambridge.org/core/journa... https://www.cambridge.org/core/journa... https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.02067 Others: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15941... https://baas.aas.org/pub/2024n4i629p0... https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073... https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ful... https://periodictable.com/Properties/... • SKY & PLANT COLOR ft. Worldbuilding N... --- 'Solace' by Scott Buckley - released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.au