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There are countless galaxies and stars in the universe. There are 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe alone, and over 400 billion stars in our galaxy alone. If we look at the entire universe, there must be countless extraterrestrial civilizations, but how can we classify them all? Russian physicist Nikolai Kardashev argued that the level of civilization can be classified by measuring energy consumption using the 'Kardashev scale'. References and bibliography http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities by Guillermo A. Lemarchand Kardashev, Nikolai (1964). “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations” 《Soviet Astronomy》 8: 217.