#Biology #Cytology #GolgiComplex Class aimed at high school and ENEM students about the Golgi complex. Script below. Due to lack of space, it is not possible to include the video bibliography, if you want, get in touch and I will send it. Video script: And they are indeed impressive organelles, but to understand what they do, let's first understand a little about their morphology, which is quite different. Starting with the fact that this organelle is very large compared to the others, it was one of the first organelles discovered in the cell, as it was easy to visualize. It was initially discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898, who named it the internal reticular apparatus. And it stayed that way for a while, with that strange name. An interesting fact is that this researcher spent years researching the nervous system. Incidentally, the discovery of this organelle occurred during one of these studies. His research on the nervous system earned him a Nobel Prize. Some time later, in 1954, with the development of more modern equipment for observing microscopic structures, they saw the organelle discovered by Camillo in more detail. They renamed it the Golgi complex in his honor. That's why, when you write the name of this organelle, Golgi is capitalized, because it's a reference to a name. (Captain America references it.) But what is this organelle? It's a series of flattened sacs, one on top of the other, forming a cluster of close-knit sacs. But in more scientific terms, let's put it another way. It's a set of flattened compartments defined by membranes that communicate at some point. Each of these compartments is called cisterns. We usually find 4 to 6 of these structures stacked at a time, and this group is called a dictyosome (it should be noted that this number can vary in different kingdoms). Each of these cisternae has a side called cis and a side called trans. On the cis side, vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum with processed proteins and lipids enter, while on the trans side, vesicles are formed for the exit of substances from the cell. Inside each of these cisternae, there are enzymes that modify the proteins until a process called glycolysis is formed. One caveat here is that each of the cisternae has different types of enzymes with different functions. In general, on the trans side, enzymes are found with the function of “packaging” the proteins and lipids into membranous vesicles to send them out of the cell. This is how two organelles are formed that we will talk about in another class: lysosomes and peroxisomes. Another important detail is that the Golgi complex is usually located near the cell nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum, for strategic reasons, since most of the vesicles coming from the endoplasmic reticulum are expected in the Golgi complex, as if it were a sequence in a factory. So since we are talking about this, let's talk about the functions of the Golgi complex. First, we have to say that it is capable of synthesizing polysaccharides, which will be useful in some functions of the Golgi complex that I will talk about later. Then, it is capable of glycolysis, that is, through an enzyme it binds carbohydrates to specific sites on the surface of proteins and lipids, thus forming glycoproteins and glycolipids. Once it is able to do both, it can make the glycocalyx, which we discussed in the plasma membrane class. And as I said before, it is capable of forming two other structures, the lysosome and the peroxisome, which we will talk about in another class. Another important thing it does is the acrosome, a modification in its structure specific to the sperm cell. At this point, the Golgi complex fuses into a large helmet full of enzymes inside capable of withstanding the entry into the egg so that the genetic material is protected and only released inside the egg. Finally, it is also capable of using the polysaccharides that I mentioned earlier to create a structure called the middle lamella, which functions as a type of wall that will separate the cells during the mitosis process in the plant cell. There is a mitosis lesson in the channel, take a look there. (MITOSIS TUMB) We can then say that this organelle is mainly linked to compounds that will be excreted from the cells, since its main function is to package and create vesicles to transport various things out. It can therefore be concluded that the greater the need for production and secretion of cellular and extracellular compounds, the greater the volume of the Golgi complex present in the cell, such as in hepatocytes, neurons and glandular cells in general. Therefore, this is one of the most important organelles in your cell and I will show you why.