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The evolution of Man and his cultures is part of an environmental framework marked by the alternation of glacial and interglacial climatic cycles. Prehistoric Man thus had to adapt to the constraints of the environments. The methods of exploitation of the plant environment by Hominins are part of the environmental framework of the Quaternary marked by climatic cyclicity. Human groups benefit from the biodiversity of temperate environments during interglacials. During glacials, they move towards refuge areas for vegetation and fauna located in the Mediterranean region. By characterizing Quaternary environments, palynology addresses the problem of the exploitation of the plant environment by prehistoric Man. The evolution of Man and his cultures is part of an environmental framework marked by the alternation of glacial and interglacial climatic cycles. The cross-referencing of data highlights the ability of prehistoric Man to adapt to the constraints of the environments. Human groups benefit from the biodiversity offered by temperate environments during interglacial periods. During glacial phases, many refuge areas for tree vegetation and fauna were established in the Mediterranean region. Human groups also moved to these refuge areas where climatic conditions were milder during the glacial periods. Human-environment relationships therefore show complex interactions between the morphological evolution of Hominins, the increase in their cognitive abilities and the changes in temperate ecosystems in relation to global climate change. By Vincent Lebreton, Palynologist, lecturer Department of Prehistory, UMR 7194 CNRS "Natural History of Prehistoric Man", Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle