boiler class

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Prof.Josias de Freitas

Published on Premiered Dec 27, 2024
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The corrosion process in boilers is a critical problem that can compromise the efficiency and useful life of these equipments. It occurs due to chemical and electrochemical reactions that affect the metal of the internal surfaces. Below are the main mechanisms and factors involved: 1. Corrosion Mechanisms a) Oxygen Corrosion (Oxidation) • Oxygen dissolved in the water reacts with the boiler metal, usually iron, forming oxides (rust). • Basic reaction:  This hydrated oxide can transform into more stable oxides, such as hematite b) Acid Corrosion • It can be caused by water with low pH, usually due to the presence of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide () that form carbonic acid:  • This acid reacts with the iron, corroding the metal surfaces. c) Deposition Corrosion • Deposits of salts, oxides or other residues on the metal surface create microenvironments that favor localized corrosion. d) Galvanic Corrosion • Can occur when two dissimilar metals are in contact in a conductive environment (boiler water). The less noble metal acts as an anode and is corroded. e) Stress Corrosion • Occurs due to mechanical stresses on the metal combined with a corrosive environment, leading to structural failure. 2. Factors Contributing to Corrosion • Presence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the water. • Low pH of the water (acidic condition). • High temperature, which accelerates chemical reactions. • Impurities in the water, such as chlorides and sulfates, which intensify corrosion. • Concentration of dissolved solids and formation of deposits. 3. Prevention Methods a) Chemical Water Treatment • Deaeration: Removal of dissolved gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. • Chemical Additives: Use of corrosion inhibitors, such as hydrazine () to reduce oxygen and maintain proper pH. b) pH and Conductivity Control • Adjust the water pH to an alkaline range (8.5 to 9.5) to minimize acid corrosion. c) Preventive Maintenance • Regular cleaning of internal surfaces to prevent deposits. • Monitoring water quality and maintenance of deaeration systems. d) Cathodic Protection • Use of sacrificial anodes to protect more noble metal surfaces. e) Proper Design • Selection of corrosion-resistant materials, such as specific metal alloys for high temperatures and aggressive environments. Efficient management of corrosion in boilers involves continuous monitoring, adequate water treatment and preventive maintenance. This ensures the longevity and safety of the equipment.

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