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By Georges Bensoussan, historian, editor-in-chief of the Revue d'histoire de la Shoah and editorial manager at the Mémorial de la Shoah (Paris). Conference at the Musée d'Aquitaine Tuesday, October 13, 2015 Israel, May 1948. Can we speak of the birth or rebirth of a Jewish nation? Can we speak of Israel as a colonial fact as the Palestinianophile doxa asserts? Of a Jewish state born of genocide as the average opinion assures? And what if the roots of the Jewish state were to be sought rather in the long term of history? In the place of Eretz Israel, the name of this land designated Palestine by the Roman occupier, in the Jewish imagination? Finally, in the European story of the "spring of peoples" of 1848 and the cultural definition of the nation by Renan in 1882?