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Astronomy: An Overview I - Pgm 1 - Astronomy before telescopes In this first class of the course Astronomy: An Overview I, professor João Steiner, from the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences at USP, explains how astronomical studies were carried out before telescopes. He mentions the first pre-optical instruments, from Hipparchus to Tyco Brahe, and the heliocentric and geocentric theories.