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After passing an exam, radio amateurs are admitted to the amateur radio service and operate radio as a hobby. Commercial and economic interests are expressly excluded. Radio traffic takes place exclusively between holders of an amateur radio license. Only in rare exceptional cases, such as emergencies and disasters, may messages be transmitted by and for uninvolved third parties. The ITU regulations expressly state that amateur radio traffic should not contain any political aspects. Freedom of opinion in or the sovereignty of ITU member states should not be affected by amateur radio operations. In totalitarian regimes, restrictions on amateur radio operations have historically occurred and continue to occur in the present, as there is often a fear that oppositional opinions could be spread.