In this video, the second episode of an 8-part course for students of the various masters programs at HES-SO (Switzerland), Richard-Emmanuel Eastes explores the fundamentals of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and artificial neural networks. Through an introduction to learning modes—supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement—he examines how these techniques enable chatbots to acquire linguistic skills, while laying the foundations for the course's future reflections. He begins by illustrating concrete applications of AI, such as predicting divorces, detecting tumors to aid dermatological diagnoses, and preventing burglaries, thus showing the breadth of the fields in which AI is used today. These examples help to grasp the impact of AI on society, while highlighting the challenges of a non-deterministic intelligence that learns by intuition without being programmed for a single task. The course then introduces how artificial neural networks work, comparing them to biological neurons: although artificial networks are good at pattern recognition, they lack the flexibility of the human brain and require significant computing power. Richard-Emmanuel offers a live demonstration, where a neural network learns to recognize numbers through supervised learning, allowing students to visualize the parameter adjustments made to improve the accuracy of predictions. The three learning modes—supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement—are then explained and applied to the operation of chatbots. Chatbots use probabilities and learning algorithms to generate responses, highlighting the importance of these techniques in producing coherent dialogues. Finally, Richard-Emmanuel addresses the topic of algorithmic bias, a crucial problem that results from biases present in training data, thus influencing the results produced by AIs and requiring particular vigilance. These elements provide an overview of the principles of AI and the ethical challenges it poses, preparing students for the course's upcoming discussions on the societal impacts of these technologies. Test your knowledge on the video with Wooflash: https://app.wooflash.com/join/HNAP6DA...