Channel "Scientific Topics" in social networks: Telegram • https://t.me/ivanovskiysergey VK • https://vk.com/ivanovskiysergey Zen • https://dzen.ru/ivanovskiysergey Rutube • https://rutube.ru/video/person/30197834 Donations: Support the channel via Boosty • https://boosty.to/ivanovskiy/donate Support the project VKontakte • https://vk.com/donut/ivanovskiysergey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ultraviolet catastrophe. Continuation ... The second approach to the ultraviolet catastrophe. Statistical physics and the equipartition theorem. Reasoning about the number of degrees of freedom. Reasoning about the frequencies and directions of radiation propagation. Reasoning about the transition of energy ... The third approach to the ultraviolet catastrophe. Thomson's model of the atom. Rutherford and the phenomenon of radioactivity. Atoms can transform into other atoms. Rutherford's attempt to look inside an atom. Shooting helium nuclei into a conventionally single layer of an atom. The electron is light. The alpha particle is heavy. It was expected that alpha particles would behave the same when flying through matter. Thomson's model of the atom is a "pudding" of atoms. The particles flew straight. But some of the particles were turned, deviated. A question of interpretation. Rutherford assumed that there is a nucleus that is 5 orders of magnitude smaller than an atom. What is the size of an atom then? Rutherford's assumption. The size of an atom is the nucleus and the electron. Next question. What holds the electron near the atom? Rutherford's planetary model of the atom. Thomson's model of the atom explained a lot. Rutherford's model was heavily criticized. The electron should have fallen on the nucleus, since it moves with acceleration and gives off energy. In what time could the electron fall on the nucleus? But the electrons did not fall on the nucleus and the atom did not die. From the theory of radiation, statistics and electrodynamics, from classical thermodynamics, from the electrodynamics of electron motion it turned out: the substance must give up all the energy to the radiation, the substance must cool down to zero and this must happen in the high part of the spectrum (ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma radiation). The whole set of problems was called the ultraviolet catastrophe. Max Planck. An attempt to adjust the frequency calculation formula to experimental data. The analogy of energy and money. Energy is nature's money, which it exchanges. Let us assume that nature exchanges portions of energy and the higher the frequency, the higher the portion. Planck's hypothesis. The proportionality coefficient is Planck's constant. A quantum is not a particle, but a minimal portion of energy. An oscillator can have minimal energy or receive more energy from the field. The oscillator's energy does not change from zero to infinity and the energy is discrete, not continuous. The concept of energy levels appeared. Recalculation of formulas. Two Planck formulas for energy. The correspondence principle. Planck said the key word - quantum. All physics had to be rewritten. Two quantum mechanics. Bad and good. :)